Counseling Sheet

Agatha M. Thrash, M.D.
Preventive Medicine‍

Upper extremity

Shoulder

‍Flexion - Starting at the side, the arm is raised through 180-degree arc to a vertical position above the head

Extension - Arm is returned through the same arc to the side

Abduction - Starting at the side, the arm is raised laterally to a side horizontal position through an arc of 90 degrees

Adduction - The arm is returned through the same arc to the side.

Internal and External Rotation - The arm is abducted to a horizontal position, the elbow is flexed upward with the forearm at right angles, which brings the shoulder joint in a position of external rotation, bringing the forearm forward and downward produces internal rotation (a 90-degree arc).

Circumduction - A combination of the above movements, a complete circular or swinging motion around the axis

‍Elbow‍

Flexion - Starting with arm at side, elbow is bent through range of motion to about 145-160 degrees

Extension - Elbow is straightened to original position

Pronation - Movement of forearm in turning palm down

Supination - Movement of forearm in turning palm up‍

Wrist‍

Flexion - Bending wrist forward from normal to about 90 degrees

Extension - Returning to normal of previous motion

Abduction - Move hand toward the thumb side

Adduction - Move hand toward the little finger side

Circumduction - A combination of the above wrist movements‍

Fingers‍

Flexion - Bending through range of motion

Extension - Straightening through range of motion

Abduction - Spreading of fingers

Adduction - Bringing fingers together

Circumduction - Combination of the above‍

Thumb

‍Flexion - Curl in on palm

Extension - Bring thumb out so as to make a flat hand

Abduction - Bring out so as to make a right angle with hand

Adduction - Bring thumb to hand in line with fingers

Circumduction - Combination of the above

Opposition - Bring thumb to meet fingers

‍Lower Extremity

Hip‍

Flexion - Movement of thigh (with knee bent) 150 degrees or more with knee extended 90 degrees or less

Extension - Reverse of previous motion

Abduction - Moving limb away from the other, side-wise about 50 degrees

Adduction - Reverse of previous motion

Internal rotation - Turning leg inward (about 30 degrees)

External rotation - Turning leg outward (about 60 degrees)

Circumduction - Combination of the above

‍Knee

‍Flexion - Bending of knee joint (about 135 degrees)

Extension - Straightening of knee joint

‍Ankle

‍Dorsiflexion - Elevation of the front of the foot toward front of leg

Plantar flexion - A depression of the foot in a direction just opposite to that of dorsiflexion

Abduction - Forefoot turned out

Adduction - Forefoot turned in

Eversion - Abduction plus a lifting of the outer border of foot

Inversion - Adduction plus a lifting of the inner border of the foot

Circumduction - Circular combination of the above‍

Toes‍

Do the same movements as with fingers, as much as possible